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BRAF mutation is found in several cancers including thyroid cancer, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer. In case of thyroid cancer, there are over 40 different types of BRAF mutation. Of these mutations, the V600E mutation on exon 15, i.e. change of nucleotide from T to A in 1799th base that results in change from valine to glutamate in amino acids, is most important with over 90% of frequency. Especially, BRAF V600E mutation is detected with ca. 45% of frequency in papillary thyroid carcinoma and is considered a prognostic maker for thyroid cancer.

C-kit (also called CD117) may also be found in higher than normal amounts, or in a changed form, on some types of cancer cells, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors and melanoma. Measuring the amount of c-kit in tumor tissue may help diagnose cancer and plan treatment. C-kit is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase and a type of tumor marker.

Lung cancer is categorized into two types; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with the 80~85% frequency and small cell lung cancer with the 15~20% frequency. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed on the surface of epidermal cells and has the tyrosine kinase activity. Overexpression of EGFR is found only in NSCLC and may lead to signal transduction system in cells by causing cell proliferation, tumor-induced neoangiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) and transition induction. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), gefinitib (Iressa, AstraZenca) or erlotinib (Tarceba, Roche), is effective to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and leads to death of cancer cells and suppression of new blood vessels in lung cancer tissue. Especially, some specific mutations in the ATP-binding domain of EGFR gene have strong positive correlation with the response rate of EGFR-TKIs. Furthermore, NSCLC patients with the EGFR mutations are reported to be more effective to EGFR-TKI and show prolonged survival rate of patients with lung cancer. Therefore, detection of the EGFR mutation is becoming an important prognostic biomarker for drug response, and efficient detection of the EGFR mutation is expected to be highly helpful for increase of survival rate of patients with lung cancer in targeted therapy.

JAK2 V617F mutation is found in patients with blood related disease such as Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythemia and Myelofibrosis. Ruxolitinib is effective as a JAK Inhibitor, so that it is a prognostic factor to determine drug response.
JAK2 V617F mutation detection makes easy to classify patients with MPD (Myeloproliferative Disease) as three levels of diagnostic certainty (possible, probable and definite) and to determine which signal transduction therapy is suitable for each patients. In addition, testing for JAK2 V617F mutation has been recommended as clinical tests by WHO(World Health Organization).

KRAS mutation is found in several cancers such as colorectal, lung, thyroid, pancreatic, cholangiocarcinoma. The KRAS mutations are often found on codons 12 and 13 of the exon 2, and lead to abnormal change of growth signal of the p21-ras protein. This abnormal change involved with cell growth and division may cause the process of cancer development by delivering the signal in excess. Existence of KRAS mutations is often related with a prognostic marker to drug response. For example, KRAS mutation is considered a strong prognostic marker for drug response of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib (Iressa) or erlotinib (Tarceva). Recently, KRAS mutation is often detected in colorectal cancer and may be related with drug response to cetuximab (Erbitux) or panitumumab (Vectibix) that is used for colon cancer therapy. Therefore, examination of KRAS mutation is needed to determine drug resistance of patients with colorectal or lung cancers and will be helpful for cancer therapies.

NRAS mutation is found in several cancers such as melanoma (13~25%), colorectal cancer (1~6%), lung cancer (1%), thyroid cancer (7%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (10%). It is know that the drug response against colorectal cancer medicine such as Erbitux and Cetuximab decreased and the prognosis of the metastatic colorectal cancer patient is bad if the patient has NRAS mutation.